Legal Reasoning to the Grudge Informer Dilemma Essay Example

Legal Reasoning to the Grudge Informer Dilemma Paper The Problem of the Grudge Informer describes a situation that two major philosophical theories of law-Legal Positivism and Natural Law Theory-greatly disagree on. It provides a legitimate question for Natural Law theorists about the objective moral order of justice systems, which is accessed by reason and more specifically, the extent of which morality can play in criminalizing an apparent regime of terror. On the other hand, Legal Positivists challenge that whether a law has an integral moral aspect makes no difference to the prosecution of an otherwise anarchist government. For them, law is a system of orders or commands enforced by power. It is a pure human product. Herein lies the debate of the Grudge Informer. The Legal Positivist position holds that the informers were acting out of obligatory concern for the laws of that time and are therefore, legally guarded by those laws for any legitimate criminal offense. The Naturalist would respond indignantly towards the rigid legal position of the Positivists and would consequently punish every Grudge Informer for acts of willful harm and perhaps murder. For them, the acts of the informers were immoral and should not go unpunished, which the Positivists simply dont care about. Thus, as the newly appointed Minister of Justice, I adopt the third deputys suggested plan as the most logical and appropriate ruling because of the fact that an objective moral order, among other things, must be an integral part of all legal institutions and that the grudge informers shall not go unpunished for their wrongdoings. First, I urge that an additional and better plan could be implemented combining a couple of the steps each of these deputies has to offer. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Reasoning to the Grudge Informer Dilemma specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Reasoning to the Grudge Informer Dilemma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Reasoning to the Grudge Informer Dilemma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, I conclude that if one recommendation were chosen then the third deputy presents the most satisfying plan for all parts of the justice system. Each of the other recommendations contains slight defects of which I will examine. According to the first deputys recommendation, we shouldnt and cant prosecute any of the grudge informers. Their acts of what a Purple Shirtist might call patriotism were protected by the law of the land (Fuller 160). The first deputy goes on to say that, like our newfound democratic justice system, the Purple Shirts operated under the law even though those laws might be wrong. He says, The cardinal point of our creed is that when an objective has been duly incorporated into a law or judicial decree it must be provisionally accepted even by those who hate it (Fuller 161). However, although their acts might seem lawful and obligatory, they were clearly wrong. The law itself was defected. In any sort of government, the protection of its citizens is its ultimate concern. That is not to say a lawful protection always occurs. The first deputy fails to recognize that although lawful, the acts of Purple Shirtism were wrong and could diminish the duty of protection if future terrorist regimes were to take control. The first deputy contains yet another logical error. Rather than admitting the Purple Shirts were wrong, he simply acknowledges the difference in their ideology so as to say whatever they believed and whatever their objectives were, they were still lawful. He even admits that they disregarded any laws that didnt fit their ideology. This is ultimately where his recommendation fails. It is contradictory and rather relativistic that he suggests each ideology is correct in its own right when he admits some acts of the Purple Shirts were what we consider detestable (Fuller 160). In essence, to disregard any wrong actions the grudge informers made simply because they were lawful at that time is exactly what Purple Shirtists did when they disregarded laws not pertaining to their ideology. Essentially, he admits this was wrong and therefore, immoral. Like Fuller, if we acknowledge the virtue of right and wrong rules then we acknowledge morality pertaining to law. To accept the first deputys recommendation would take on a strict positivist role, which is insufficient to the misconduct performed by the informers. In the second deputys recommendation the same resolution is reached, but by the conclusion that there were no laws at all during that time. He says, What they did do was neither lawful nor contrary to the law, for they lived, not under a regime of law, but under one of anarchy and terror (Fuller 161). He admits that it was a war of all against all and that the so-called grudge informers were just one phase of that war (Fuller 161). Logically, this cannot be a significant reason to overlook the atrocities that the informers intended to commit. The second deputy is essentially sweeping the entire period of the Purple Shirt regime under the rug, including the grudge informers. It occurs to me, as in the first deputys recommendation, that an apathetic attitude is suggested toward the wrong actions of the grudge informers. Something must be done simply to avoid another reign of terror. To not act would be the most harmful act. As Martin Luther King Jr. once said, Justice too long delayed is justice denied, let alone any step towards justice taken at all (MLK 79). Although the fourth deputys recommendation demands some action against the grudge informers, I disagree with enacting a special statute. He argues that the third deputy would perpetuate the abuses of the Purple Shirt party even though enacting a statute would seemingly do the same. The fourth deputy contradicts his own reasoning. He asserts that the Purple Shirtists used the law to their advantage by using the ones they liked and nullifying the ones they didnt, but doesnt realize his own recommendation uses the same logical sequence. Even if we were to apply existing laws to the actions of the grudge informers it would be historically unfair, let alone enacting a new law. This exemplifies the debate of the legitimacy of post facto laws, which is a delicate route. The argument of developing a new statute is dangerous and unforeseen. Furthermore, the fourth deputys recommendation relies upon the contingency that the special statute would be sufficient. And after his flawed reasoning of enacting a special statute, it would be irresponsible to believe we could approve of one that could separate the grudge informers from all the other criminal activities of that time. Finally, the fifth deputy, like the first and the second, recommends that nothing should be done and that, instead, we should allow that instinct [of revenge] to express itself directly without the intervention of forms of law (Fuller 163). I strongly disagree with this proposal. A just society should hold the highest values of law, and to accept that revenge is one of these values is to accept this type of behavior from those that are subject to the set of laws. This type of unlawful behavior reminds me of the Wild West, which is infamous for its outlaws and lack of justice administration. In addition, the fifth deputy acknowledges with his recommendation that a few innocent heads will be broken (Fuller 163). It is unacceptable that any innocent people should be afflicted under a justice system that holds the highest of values, especially one that chooses to do nothing about serious offenses. St. Thomas Aquinas would support my position when he defined Law as nothing else than an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by him who has the care of the community (Aquinas 77). Clearly, the fifth deputy breaks the most basic concepts of law by ironically doing nothing. After reviewing the deputys recommendations, I conclude that the third deputy presents the best alternative to the Grudge Informer dilemma. He recognizes that we cannot deem the entire Purple Shirt regime as outside the realm of law, or, on the other, that all of its doings are entitled to full credence as the acts of a lawful government (Fuller 161). Somewhere in between those two extremes lies the problem of the Grudge Informer, which is why the third deputy offers punishment on a case-by-case basis. This particular group of people within the Purple Shirt regime knowingly used the legal system to the benefit of themselves and not of the entire society. In this case, the grudge informers were operating under unjust laws even though they were following their laws. Saint Thomas Aquinas would agree with me when he declared, An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal and natural law (MLK 80). This brings us back to the debate between Naturalists and Positivists in which I am inclined, as is the case for Fuller, to believe that there is some internal morality within law; that Law is not merely order, but good order (Adams 44). The informers themselves exemplified the positivist tradition in that they didnt hesitate at the possible morality of the situation, but followed the law with tunnel vision and consequently should be punished accordingly. Like Fuller, my perspective of the Grudge Informer is not strictly from the naturalists but, rather, one that doesnt agree with the positivists. As a result, neither Fuller nor I would agree with any deputy but the third.

Colonial Trade essays

Colonial Trade essays In the 17th and 18th centuries, Great Britain decided to make territorial claims in North America. To what extent, however, did they decide to control these colonies? To a partial extent were the American colonies controlled in the topics of commerce, and to a lesser extent as far as religion and colonial government. Commerce was restricted partially due to the Navigation Acts, but these were ignored through Salutary Neglect, while Religion remained untouched as many ethnic diverse groups were welcomed, and Colonial government controlled within through the power of the purse, but the Dominion of New England took that away. Commerce was controlled by the mother country to a partial extent. The policy of mercantilism, used to benefit the mother country, was designed to value exportation and import as little as necessary and therefore, the colonists were not allowed free trade and were limited to virtually one market, and under this such policy of mercantilism, the English passed the Navigation Acts to further limit the exportation possibilities of the colonies. Under this policy, certain goods had to be shipped through Great Britain before being shipped to foreign countries as well as having to be shipped on a British-owned ship (75%), so to collect export duties and later even going to limiting the competition of American cloth and iron manufactures. The Board of Trade was enacted to regulate these such laws and enforce them. However, it did very little and out of 8563 colonial laws that it reviewed from 1696-1776 and had only 469 of them disapproved. On the other end of the spectrum, Great Britain a lso followed the unspoken policy of Salutary Neglect at times to undermine such policies as mercantilism and the Navigation Acts. The policy allowed the colonies to be self-governing and didn't enforce the Navigation Acts thus allowing smugglers to compete in the market, but many found it more profitable to obey the commercial rules, whi...

Lesson Plans for Eid al Adha--a Muslim Holiday Celebration

Lesson Plans for Eid al Adhaa Muslim Holiday Celebration Eid al Adha is perhaps the most joyful of Muslim holidays. Coming at the end of the Hajj, it is a family celebration involving gift giving and gathering as a family. This part of the unit introduces the core belief’s of Islam, the specifics of Eid al Adha, and celebrates the cultural differences of two cultures. If you have a Mosque in your community, I would suggest contacting them to find a speaker. Or, you can invite a Muslim that you know to come and speak about how their family celebrates Eid al Adha. They will be thrilled that you recognize the importance of this festival. Day 1: An introduction to Islam and to the Festival Objective: Students will be able to identify Ibrahim, Ishmael and Eid al Adha. Procedure: Do a KWL chart: What do you know about Islam? You students are likely to know very little, and it may negative. How you respond to that will have to do with the ability of your students: You can find majority Muslim countries on a map. You can find pictures on Google Images. Tell the following stories: Muslims believe that many years ago God, or Allah, sent an angel to a man named Mohammed who lived in Mecca in what is not Saudi Arabia. The angel gave Mohammed a holy book called the Koran that told them what God wanted from people. Mohammed is called a prophet, because he brought the word of God to the people of the Middle East. The people who believe the writings of the Koran are called Muslims and the religion is called Islam, which means â€Å"Submission,† or to obey God. Muslims believe that they need to obey God by reading the Koran and doing what it tells them. What they should do is defined by five pillars: Pillar One: Shahadah (Declaration of Faith) â€Å"There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His Prophet†Pillar Two: Salat (Prayer) Muslims pray at least 5 times a day.Pillar Three: Zakat (Almsgiving)Pillar Four: Sawm (Fasting,) which goes for thirty days during the month of Ramadan.Pillar Five: Hajj (Pilgrimage) Every Muslim hopes to make the pilgrimage to Mecca during the Hajj in their lifetime. Eid al Adha: This festival, which comes at the end of the Hajj, remembers an event in the life of Ibrahim, which is the Arabic name for Abraham. Ibrahim was chosen by Allah to share the word of the Unity of God. He had a single son, Ishmael. The Koran tells the story of how Ibrahim was commanded by God to take his son, Ishmael, to the mountaintop and there to sacrifice him to Allah. Allah wanted Ibrahim to prove to him that he truly was obedient. Ibrahim took his son to the mountain with a heavy heart. He built a fire. He bound Ishmael. As he was about to kill his son, Allah sent Gibril, a messenger angel, to stop him. He brought the message that by being obedient, Ibrahim had truly made a sacrifice. Muslim people gather in the Mosque to remember Ibrahim’s sacrifice. They gather in their homes later to feast and to share gifts. Evaluation: Make the following cards for your word wall: Allah, Islam, Mohammed, Eid al Adha, Ibrahim, Ishmael. Identify the Cards: Mohammed is the Prophet of Allah. Islam is the name of the religion of those who believe in the teachings of Mohammed and the Koran Eid al Adha is a family celebration. Ibrahim was the faithful servant of Allah Ishmael was Ibrahim’s son. After putting them on the wall, ask them to identify: Point to the name of the prophet, etc. Day 2: Zakat (or Alms Giving) Objective: Students will understand that generosity is a value of Islam, by identifying gift giving as a practice of Zakat, or Almsgiving. Procedure: Read the book Aminah and Aisha’s Eid Gifts. Questions: To whom did Amina give gifts? Why did they give gifts? Activity: Coloring Pages Have the children color several packages and label to whom they would give the gifts. Evaluation: Ask students what it means to be generous. Day 3: Symbols and Not Images Objective: Students will identify the symbols of the star and crescent with Islam. Procedure: Review The Story of Eid al AdhaThe five pillars.The Word Wall. The Crescent and Star: Copy the coloring page on to transparencies, one for each each child (or reduce, and run two per sheet.) Distribute colored markers, either permanent or transparency, and have the students color the crescent and star. Cut around them and mount in the window. Day 4: A Taste of Islam Objective: Students will name Kheer as a traditional Middle Eastern food, served in many Islamic countries. Procedure: Prepare as much of the Kheer Recipe ahead of time as possible. Save heating and the addition of spices for school. Add spices and heat the Kheer in the school microwave. Serve individual portions. Discuss taste, when you would eat the Kheer, and find out whether students do or do not like it.

Understand the individual elements of the extended marketing mix Assignment - 2

Understand the individual elements of the extended marketing mix - Assignment Example th the analysis of the growth of a firms market share about markets collection, products, and enterprises as well as a conclusion making on the basis of resource allocation. McDonalds have increased its market share over the years through innovations. Of recent development include innovation is the introduction of both a vegetarian and a vegan menu in its list of products especially in continents where majority of the population are against certain animal proteins. The product mix in the McDonalds follows BCG marketing matrix and hence enables it stay on course of profitability and sustainability. By using the BCG matrix, it has been able to monitor its products portfolios in terms of product growth, depth and size. Using the BCG model the McDonalds have considered increased promotional campaigns in countries where they are not well known yet. As such, McDonalds have shown high tendencies to allocate much more resources in product marketing and brand building. Product promotion as a marketing mix is widely used by McDonalds. It widely uses television, radio and billboards in their product and service promotion. The organization has carefully used certain slogans that captures and leaves a mark on the consumers minds. Some of these slogans include, "we love to see you smile; Food, Folks, and Fun; Its a good time for the Great Taste of McDonalds; I love it." These promotional strategies have resulted in customers becoming accustomed to going to McDonalds restaurants for there is an assured derivation of utility from their money (Bahaudin, 2007). What might be considered as a "star" or a "cash cow" is carefully examined and evaluated to determine its right position within the BCG matrix in the UAE. To maintain a competitive edge beyond fellow competitors, they keep on innovating and introducing new products to the market that make them relevant to the needs of the customers all the time. This makes them move large volumes of products of high quality that targets all

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Nursing research - Essay Example Other areas that will improve my capacity as a professional include career assistance, availability of information on databases and targeted products and resources, including newsletters and online CE. Through exposure to these informative resources, professionals and knowledge areas, I will improve my knowledge base and the capacity to offer quality care. As a professional in the medical profession, I am required to offer my entire work time – and in some cases my personal time – towards the delivery of healthcare services, which are the source of my livelihood. Therefore, as a permanent employee in this sector, almost all my time is spent on work – particularly patient care. However, there are other professional activities that I am required to take, either for certification or for personal development. These include attending professional seminars, educational conventions, professional examinations, assisting other professionals and contributing to the knowledge-base available at professional associations. Balancing between the career and these other professional activities is difficult, as they improve my career and professional development, but at the same time – I am required to execute my duties as a professional, to the fullest. Through evaluating the activities that must be taken and those that req uire my continued physical and mental presence has helped me give priority to my services at the hospital. After completing my service dues, I am able to engage in the other activities, most times during my free time, and when I have work breaks. Through prioritizing, I have been able to balance between my career and the other professional activities. From a personal point of view, being a member of an organization is beneficial to a nurse. These benefits include that the nurse is exposed to educational programs, organizational conventions and seminars, and they are able to network for help and information with other members

Generational Differences in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Generational Differences in the Workplace Essay PURPOSE This article attempts to describe the different age groups composing each of the categories of generations in the current U.S. workforce and their distinguishing characteristics. The piece also seeks to analyze how each group’s differing traits may impact an organization. The main purpose of the paper is to teach management how recognizing these differing views may help them to better motivate and satisfy the members of each group. QUESTIONS So who are these different generational groups? The author has broken today’s workforce down into three identifiable groups by birth year. These groups are Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y. They will be described in more detail in the following paragraphs. The first, and oldest group, are the Baby Boomers. This category includes those born between the years of 1946 to 1964. The Baby Boomers are the largest group and many of them can be found throughout the managerial ranks. They are reputed to be self-absorbed and have a feeling of entitlement. This group is said to value success, teamwork, inclusion, and rule-challenging. They are open to change and loyal to their employer. Generation X is comprised of those born between 1965 and 1979. This group is concerned with career options and a balance of work and home life. They seek fulfilling work but are cynical of corporations and government. This cynicism leads themnto being less loyal than their predecessors (the Baby Boomers). Generation Xers are computer literate and demand fulfilling work while still craving a fun work environment. The third group is Generation Y. This includes those born from 1980 to present (per reports made in 2005 and 2006). According to the author this group is optimistic but realistic, globally aware, and inclusive. They are very technologically inclined and diverse in their attitude. They yearn for a work/family balance and independence though they need feedback from their employer. They are also curious and results oriented. This generation can become disenchanted with presented with entry level jobs for they seek challenges. INFORMATION The author used a number of other studies to reach his conclusions. The Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) seems to have been the main instrument in gathering information. This study allows participants to rank the measures they find most valuable. INFERENCES/CONCLUSIONS In the â€Å"Implications for Managers† section of the paper, the author makes suggestions for how a manager should treat each class. He has used the research to draw his conclusions. His suggestions seem based on the traits and behaviors each group tends to exhibit. For the Baby Boomers he states that they can be motivated with money, overtime, praise, and position. He enforces the idea that this generation is loyal. For Generation X he suggests making work fun and meaningful. He also thinks lending an understanding ear to this group could be helpful. Generation Y needs exciting and relevant work, says the author. Make sure they have opportunity for career advancement. Also a manger should be mindful of their need for feedback. CONCEPTS The main idea of this article is that the difference in values and beliefs of each generation can have an impact on the job. Understanding these differences and how to make the most of them is key to satisfying and motivating each group. The paper seeks to explain these differences, why they tend to occur, and how to use those differences to the employer’s advantage. ASSUMPTIONS One main drawback to the ideas set forth in this article is assuming everyone in each generation holds the same values and beliefs. In this vain, managers may be able to cater to a large majority of employees but can miss satisfying the wants and needs of certain individuals. Although the research may encapsulate certain behaviors and traits of most of the people, there will be variables that it does not take into account. IMPLICATIONS/CONSEQUENCES The author’s conclusions may serve managers well. His conclusions based on the research and following suggestions seem to be based in logic and geared toward getting the most out of and retaining employees. It probably does help to understand how best to motivate others if you understand why they feel the way they do. Although generation and age may not be the only mitigating factor in an employee’s attitude, it seems to be a good starting point. POINTS OF VIEW As stated previously, age (date of birth) can not account solely for a person’s values and beliefs. As in anything else, there are always variables that can skew data. Some variables that are not reflected in the data are financial status, marital status, locale, and a wide variety of other things. However, if it is possible to meet the needs of many while only having to concentrate on a few â€Å"one-offs† then these recommendations can only serve to ease a manager’s position. PERSONAL NOTE I am probably one of the â€Å"one-offs† but I’ve always marched to the beat of a different drummer. I have, however, been witness to many of these stereotypes. I have worked plenty of jobs where the generational differences were quite apparent. Sometimes the â€Å"old-timers† actually relish that name and take pride in it. The difference in attitudes and values can be glaring. I defintiely think it is good that there is information out there to help managers understand these differences and help to deal with them. BIBLIOGRAPHY Generational Differences In The Workplace: Personal Values, Behaviors, And Popular Beliefs. The Clute Institute, 2009. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. .

Ergotism Essay -- Health, Diseases, Medicine

The symptoms described in this case such as headaches, skin irritation, painful cramps and seizures are all common in a disease known as Ergotism. Ergotism is caused by the ingestion of alkaloids (ergotamines) produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea (C. purpurea), which infects mainly Secale cereal (rye) and other cereals. This results in ergot poisoning (Alderman et al., 1999). All species of Claviceps are given the general term ergot and the majority of Claviceps species are restricted to only one or several grass genera. The exception is common ergot caused by C. purpurea, which contains a host range beyond 200 species of grasses (Alderman et al., 1999). C. purpurea, unlike other Claviceps species is distributed throughout the world and can survive in different temperature climates (including a colder places such as Southern England), further suggesting it is the most likely causative agent. Ergotism can be divided into two groups of symptoms, convulsive and gangrenous. Convulsive ergotism is usually characterized by nervous dysfunction such as wry neck, which was reported in the past as convulsions. The fact that many people died from gangrene clearly suggests that the ergotism suffered is not convulsive, as symptoms of gangrene were not present. Gangrene develops when the supply of blood is cut off to the affected part (ischemia) due to infection, trauma or vascular disease with the most common sites being the fingers, toes and hands. This further suggests that the condition is gangrenous ergotism, this can be supported by physical examination of the patient and blood tests. A CT scan or MRI can help to find out the amount of gas present and the extent to which tissues are damaged, however these tests were obviously n... ...illion of these occurring in children younger than 5 years (Epidemiological Record, 2007). In patients in developing countries such as Cameroons, invasive pneumococcal pneumonia has a high mortality rate (WHOInt, 2003). In terms of treatment and prophylaxis, appropriate antibiotics can help to treat S. pneumoniae infections via outpatient treatment. Prior to antibiotic therapy, steroids can be given in children older than 6 weeks suffering with possible pneumococcal meningitis and should be given before or at the time of the first dose of antibiotics (Pickering et al,.2009). The use of penicillin, ceftriaxone or ampicillin sulbactam is usually appropriate with hospitalized children, therapy should account for local resistance patterns. Immunocompromised children suspected of pneumococcal pneumonia should take vancomycin and a broad spectrum cephalosporin.

The Moral Component of Rerum Novarum

1. What did Leo say about the poor people? The present age has handed over the working poor to inhumane employers and greedy competitors. (a. 6) He saw the working poor as needy and helpless, (a. 66) And they are insufficiently protected against injustices and violence. (a. 32) 2. What did he want the working poor to understand? He wanted the working poor to understand that the lowest in society cannot be made equal with the highest and that poverty is no disgrace. (a. 37) To suffer and endure is human. (a. 27) The working poor are told not to injure the property or person of their employers and not to forcibly the property of others. (a. 55) 3. What was the moral component of Leo's message? The message to the working poor seems to be aimed at calming and consoling the poor, encouraging them to accept their position in society without rancor and without harm to others. Leo sought to enlist the aid of the working poor in preserving good order. 4. What did Leo say to those who work with the poor? Leo XIII declared that the working poor must be cared for. Employers have clear moral obligations: workers are not to be treated as slaves; the dignity of your workers' human personality must be respected; do not use people as things for gain; do not oppress the needy or the wretched for your own profit. The approach to employers is on a high moral plane, but it is also very practical: you need your poor worker, so work with him harmoniously. It is immoral to treat workers unjustly, and it is also not in the best interest of ownership and management. 5. What was the message to the employers? Leo warns the employers against the pitfalls of being wealthy; pointing out that wealth does not end sorrow and that it is a hindrance to eternal happiness. In view of eternity, what counts is not how much we have but how we use what we have, and we will have to account to God for our use of wealth 6. What did the Pope say to the wealthy? The wealthy are told that their goods are for their perfection and the benefit of others, and they are encouraged to share their goods when they see others in need: when the need is extreme, the demand is of justice: otherwise, the demand is of charity. 7. What was R.N's teachings of unions and strikes? The encyclical comes down strongly in favour of unions, stating that their increase is to be desired. (a. 69) The immediate object of unions is the private advantage of those associated, so that workers are to use their unions to secure increase in goods of body, soul and prosperity. (a. 71) The principal goal of unions is moral and religious perfection. (a. 77) The message about preserving good order is clear and unmistakable, but so is the message about standing up for rights. Leo XIII wanted the working poor to protect their interests, to make demands, to press their claims, and the principal means for doing this was the formation of unions. 8. What did Leo say about working conditions? Wages should never be less than enough to support a worker who is thrifty and upright. (a. 63) Work should not be so long that it dulls the spirit or that the body sinks from exhaustion. (a. 59) The factors in the establishment of hours are listed as: the nature of the work; the circumstances of time and place; the physical condition of the workers. (a. 59) 9. What was his stand on private ownership and property? Private ownership must be preserved inviolate. (a. 23) Must be regarded as sacred. (a. 65) It is wrong for ownership to be limited to a small number of people, and private property must be spread among the largest number of population. (a. 65) And a more equitable division of goods. (a. 66) 10. How did Leo see the role of government? The purpose of government is to cause public and individual well-being. (a. 48) The government must protect the community and it's constituent parts. (a. 52) Protect equitably each and every class of citizens. (a. 49) Give special consideration to the weak and poor. (a. 54) This special care should include the working poor. (a. 54) Improve the condition of workers. (a. 48) Safeguard the well-being and interests of workers. (a. 49) Protection of the goods of the worker's soul. (a. 57) The government's intervention in matters of wages, hours, and working conditions should be avoided. (a. 64) The government does not have the authority to forbid unions. (a. 72) It can oppose, dissolve and prevent unions when their objective is at variance with good morals, justice, or to it that there are no strikes. (a. 56) It should seek to remove the causes of strikes. (a. 56) Government must permit freedom of action to individuals and families. (a. 52) Government should give public aid to families in extreme difficulty. (a. 21) Â · Briefly summarise the popes intention and purpose for the Rerum Novarum. The Popes intention was his conviction that the present ages has handed over the working poor to inhumane employers and greedy competitors. He wanted to help the working poor by setting these rules. These rules help people to know their roles and obligations when dealing with work.

Examining Christian Symbolism in “A White Heron” Essay

Symbolism is a very prominent attribute contained within Sarah Orne Jewett’s short story, â€Å"A White Heron†. The short story takes its reader through the short exploration that the main character, Sylvia, goes through when she is faced with making a decision that may lead to the end of a beautiful bird’s life. Many critics have analyzed and debated the many symbols contained within the story. Victoria Freivogel, an English teacher from Louisiana, wrote an essay which examines what she considers the symbolism to be in â€Å"A White Heron†. In her essay she goes against other critics who claim â€Å"the ornithologist, pine tree, and white heron are symbolic of Sylvia’s burgeoning sexuality† (Freivogel 136). In fact she states, â€Å"they are, in fact, symbols of Christianity† (Freivogel 136). Innocence in â€Å"The White Heron† is a theme that I, as a reader, have recognized each time I have read the story. Reading Freivogelâ⠂¬â„¢s essay and learning about other critic’s views can be a little unsettling when the reader has only viewed the story as an innocent journey of a young girl who decides to protect nature, as well as her own conscious. Freivogel reveals that, â€Å"Many critics liken the ornithologist to a sexual predator† (Freivogel 136). These critics consider him a predator because he is offering her money for compensation if she can lead him to the white heron which is symbolic of a â€Å"sexual predator convincing Sylvia to hunt for the white heron with him† (Freivogel 136). She goes on to say that these critics consider the â€Å"hunt for birds equal to a hunt for Sylvia’s sexual being† (Freivogel 137). In reality, the hunt is simply for the bird and innocence remains prominent, which is shown when Jewett writes that Sylvia, â€Å"could not understand why he killed the very birds he seemed to like so much† (Jewett 67). A clear symbol in â€Å"A White Heron† is the hunter who symbolizes an enemy; the enemy against nature and and the enemy against Sylvia possibly going against her better judgment. Freivogel considers the symbol of an enemy to be symbolic of Satan. Other critics also view the enemy as Satan. Freivogel points out that the hunter from first appearances, â€Å"is charming, sly, and observant of Sylvia’s weakness† (Freivogel 138). These qualities are said to be the same of Satan in the Garden of Eden, and the hunter is preying on Sylvia, as Satan preyed on Eve. However, he is preying on her weakness in order for him to have the satisfaction of hunting down the white heron, not preying on her in a sexual  manner. Another inept image that some critics maintain is that the pine tree that Sylvia climbs is â€Å"sexually symbolic† (Freivogel 138).   The passage, â€Å"The tree seemed to lengthen itself out as she went up, and to reach farther and farther upward† (Jewett 69), Richard Benzo wrote that â€Å"there is a sexual relationship indicated by this passage† and that â€Å"Sylvia I somehow trying to overcome a fear of sexual relations† (qtd. in Freivogel 138). This sexual claim about the pine tree is said to be â€Å"too obvious, and facile† by Freivogel. These critics who maintain that this story has a sexual theme do not see innocence involved in this story at all. The tree is actually a Christian symbol that reminds believers to â€Å"seek out heavenly treasures, rather than earthly treasures† (qtd. in Freivogel 139), and this is what Sylvia does by choosing to not let the hunter know where to find the white heron. Lastly, the white heron is also seen as a symbol of sexuality by other critics. Freivogel writes that another critic, Elizabeth Ammons, argues that the heron is symbolic â€Å"of Sylvia’s body that she must offer up as ‘prey’ to the ornithologist in exchange for ‘money, social approval, and affection† (qtd. In Freivogel 140). In reality Jewett wrote nothing to indicate that the hunter was trying to â€Å"prey† on Sylvia in a sexual way. However, he was preying on her innocence by tempting her with a money reward for informing him of the white heron’s location. Freivogel rebukes these critic’s viewpoints on the heron being sexually symbolic. She even goes so far to say, â€Å"the idea of the heron as a sexual symbol seems the most far-fetched† (Freivogel 140). Birds are symbolic in the Christian church. They are said to be â€Å"symbolic of Christ† and â€Å"images of the eternal struggle of good and evil and of Christ’s battle against the devil† (qtd. in Freivogel 140). Sylvia encompasses all of these throughout her journey to find the heron, and into her decision to keep its location a secret. Many critics base their analyses on â€Å"A White Heron† on sexual nuances as the symbolism of the story. Freivogel affirms that it is a story â€Å"filled with symbols that are common to Christian beliefs† (Freivogel 141). Sylvia has overcome the temptations offered to her by the hunter or â€Å"satan†, and reached the top of the pine tree where she realizes the true treasures come from the heavens, and she could not betray that for â€Å"earthly treasures† brought by the money. Ultimately, Sylvia won the battle of good versus evil. Victoria Freivogel’s views on symbolism capture the true essence of  the story, which I believe to be pure innocence. Christian symbolism throughout the story cements the purity of nature and even of the young Sylvia. Sylvia is only a nine year old girl. Many of her views will be highly influenced by others, but she has the purest mind and heart, and she listened to the voices of nature, as well as her inner conscience when deciding that she could not tell the whereabouts of the white heron. I find the sexual symbolism believed by other critics to be senseless. Those impure views take away the purity of the theme, and it completely changes the meaning of the story. I will always read â€Å"The White Heron† as a story of a young girl who shows remarkable fearlessness in her journey to find the heron and in her journey she discovers how precious all life truly is. . Works Cited Freivogel, Victoria. â€Å"Christian Symbolism In Sarah Orne Jewett’s ‘A White Heron’.† Eureka Studies In Teaching Short Fiction 7.2 (2007): 136-142. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. Jewett, Sarah Orne. â€Å"A White Heron.† Literature: A Pocket Anthology. Ed. R.S. Gwynn. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Education, 2012. 62-71. Print.

Are These Not Also Men essays

Are These Not Also Men essays Are These Not Also Men? In 1511, Fray Antonio Montesinos spoke the words, Are these not also men? His famous quote was a response to the mistreatment of the indigenous peoples that inhabited the Americas, by the conquering Spanish. Immediately upon discovering and colonizing the New World a widespread debate arose in regards to the usage and treatment of the native Indians. This debate was primarily focused on how to classify the Indians. Many people believed that the Indians were not human at all and should be allowed to be treated merely as slaves. The opposing side, the church, argued back that the Indians, no matter how seemingly uncivilized they lived, were humans. A major argument resulted and the question as to how a human being is classified as being a human became a fiery debate among many. The Spanish conquerors believed that, like animals, the Indians did not have rational souls, or the ability to reason. Also, in conjunction, the Conquerors used the views of a medieval Dominican named Thomas Aquinas as justification for their reasoning. Aquinas once stated that a rational soul was determined by the ability to become a Christian. Those not capable were considered to be brute animals. The Indians were often compared to parrots, or horses in the way they lived their lives. The conquerors needed the indigenous people to be considered less than human because if they were considered animals, forms of forced labor with out time off for religious learning could be used. An example was the encomienda. The Churchs point of view was that in order to have and maintain power in the New World they would need the numbers of the Indians to be included in their community as followers. Patricia Seed, the author of this journal offers her line of thinking. It is that both sides of the debate were trying to monopolize the Indians for their own benefits. The Spania ...

A key choice writers Essay Example for Free

A key choice writers Essay Writer (139) , Christina Rossetti (19) , Goblin Market (9) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? A key choice writers make is how they name or refer to characters in their stories. Write about the significance of the choices writers have made in naming or referring to their characters in the three texts you have studies. In the three texts I have studies the writers all name and refer to their characters in different ways. For example in The Road the characters are not given names and in Small Island all the characters are named and referred to in detail. Firstly mc McCarthy doesn’t give his characters names throughout his narrative he only refers to them as, the man, â€Å"papa† and the boy which shows they are father and son and that is all the detail McCarthy reveals. The significance of this is to create the effect that this dystopia they live in could happen to absolutely anyone. McCarthy has also done this to create a statement that names are no longer important since the world has ended and all civilisations have been wiped out. The only important this is surviving. McCarthy mentions the boy was born into the post apocalypse s so maybe the boy hasn’t even been given a name through the fact he doesn’t need one since there is no civilisation and there is a nil chance of survival, therefore there is no one to give your name to. McCarthy could also be revealing that maybe the parents didn’t think it was important in naming the boy because they wouldn’t survive. In Small Island Levy names her characters very stereotypically through their personalities. Queenies christened name is Victoria â€Å"I was christened victoria† like the late queen, but forever been called Queenie, which is what her mother wanted to christen her as but the vicar wouldn’t allow it as it was a common name so he suggested Victoria. Levy chose this name as it reflects Queenies character very well as she is very well mannered and â€Å"posh† like the queen. Gilberts name reveals that he is half white through the fact that Gilbert Joseph is a common white man name. Levy also reveals that his father is white by referring his to as â€Å"light skinned†. Hortense’s name reveals that she is not English however it also reveals that she is wealthy and higher class through the fact that Hortense is a French name which automatically stereotypically reveals Hortense’s character is going to be higher class which she is. Levy also refers to her characters in racist ways by addressing and describing the black characters as â€Å"darkies† and â€Å"niggers† the significance of this is to show when the novel was set â€Å"1948† when being racist was common and most English people were, in which Levy has took advantage of to make her narrative realistic. Finally in Rossetti’s poetry, Rossetti refers to men in different negative ways. For example in Goblin Market Rossetti refers men to a Goblins she has done this to reveal her emotions of men implying that they are all vial and evil. However, the word â€Å"Goblin† could also mean gold which could be implying that all men are rich which is true because in the 19th century it was only men who had money, so she could be implying that men are rare and rich. However, still men in Rossetti’s poems are shown to be negative which is interoperating that wealth isn’t all that good. Rossetti also gives her characters common names such as â€Å"Maude Clare†, â€Å"Laura† and â€Å"Lizzie† the significance of this is to make her poems still mysterious and open for interpretations which she does in all of her poems. Rossetti also refers to her characters through social class and skin tone she does this as it was a main importance in the 19th century. To compare all the writers I have studies both Levy and Rossetti refer and name their characters through social class in some way. However, McCarthy doesn’t mention social class or interpratate it in any way. He has done this because there is no longer any social class unlike in when Small Island and Rossetti’s when it was highly mentioned with the time they are set in. In conclusion in all the texts I have studied the writers all texts I have studied the writers all name their characters in different ways for different significance and to create different effects to their narratives. But also to affect the reader differently for example McCarthy doesn’t give names to his characters to give the narrative lack of information as it could be happen to anyone but also to give the reader no emotional connection to the novel. A key choice writers. (2016, Sep 15).

Unit 7 Case Manegment Seminar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 7 Case Manegment Seminar - Research Paper Example However not all people accept change as some become very resistant. Recovery in this context refers to a process of change that an individual goes through in order to improve their health and wellness and try to reach their full potential. It can’t be confined only to people suffering from addictions only; it applies to all other people who are receiving human services. For example a person with a mental health issue and a disabled person will undergo recovery. So for a human service worker, recovery would be viewed as way of gradual change that helps clients to accept their situation and move on whereas for the client, it is the only and most important hope they can have once they get themselves in those situations. As a human service professional, when a client gets discouraged, I will ensure they learn to accept the situation and encourage them that they are not the only ones in that state. I will try and make them understand the purpose of life and ensure that I am in close contact with them so that they don’t feel neglected. I will also encourage and help them speak with others who have same experiences but have managed to overcome. When on a working service for a client, not one worker can be able to do all the activities. Different skills will be required at same time which on worker can’t deliver. For example, there could be people with different problems ranging from drug addict, mental illness, disabled etc. All these people would require different kinds of guidance and counseling which can’t be provided by one social worker hence need for many professional in that particular