Case Study Beck Manufacturing And Plant Capacity

Beck Manufacturing and Plant Capacity Annette Davita-Pratt Ashford University: BUS 644 Operations Management Dr. Andrew E. Jackson May 14th, 2017 Determining capacity is a very important of company day to day operations as it considers whether the amount of work that a company is putting out is capable of meeting supply and demand. Management must make correct decisions that consider product mix issues, whether or not processes and capacity can be improved without adding risky staffing or machinery investments, how to avoid bottleneck areas and whether quality is at expected consumer standards (Vonderembse White, 2013). Calculations of the Machine Center Capacity and the Capacity of the System Beck Manufacturing is a†¦show more content†¦This measures effectiveness at the unit level of operation. The total effective equipment productivity (TEEP) adds a time component to the calculations. It measures the effectiveness of manufacturing against hours worked (Grabill, 2012). Where Should the Beck Company Focus Efforts in order to Expand Capacity If management is looking to improve production at the machines before product assembly, they should concentrate on reducing wasted employee time. There is a lot of wasted time at the drilling and grinding machines, even though there are a lot of these machines. Either there are not enough employees, the employees are not utilizing the machinery efficiently or the machinery should be updated. Management is not averse to hiring more employees or restructuring the way the assembly operations are done. Before expanding on new employees and subsequently a larger payroll, there should be an examination of whether the current employees should have their job duties audited and restructured. When auditing employee job performances, it should be done through legal counsel or an independent agency. This ensures the audits are compliant within legal and government parameters (Silverman Sandhu, 2013). How Much Extra Capacity Can Beck Get Without Causing Another Operation to Become the Bottleneck There are three (3) bottlenecks occurring at Beck Manufacturing and Plant. The worst bottleneck is atShow MoreRelatedBeck Manufacturing Plant Capacity1369 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Beck Manufacturing Plant Capacity Pete Garcia BUS644: Operations Management October 26, 2014 Dr.: Gail Hoskyns-Long Ashford University Beck Manufacturing Plant Capacity Introduction In this paper, we will focus on the case study, which discusses about the plant capacity and Beck Manufacturing. In addition, after reading the case study it becomes evident that we need to help Beck’s Manufacturing, president in making the best decision possible in regards to determiningRead MoreThe Impact Of Product Traceability Within A Business Enterprise2804 Words   |  12 PagesCarter - Product Design Undergraduate 7/30/2015 â€Æ' 1 Abstract This thesis studies the use and impacts of product traceability within a business enterprise. 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Chest Pain Free Essays

string(99) " findings have changed our thinking on HRT; long-term HRT is no longer recommended for most women\." CHEST PAIN Chest Pain Overview If you are having severe pain, crushing, squeezing, or pressure in your chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or if the pain moves into your neck, left shoulder, arm, or jaw, go immediately to a hospital emergency department. Chest pain is one of the most frightening symptoms a person can have. It is sometimes difficult even for a doctor or other medical professional to tell what is causing chest pain and whether it is life-threatening. We will write a custom essay sample on Chest Pain or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Any part of the chest can be the cause of the pain including the heart, lungs, esophagus, muscle, bone, and skin. Because of the complex nerve distribution in the body, chest pain may actually originate from another part of the body. * The stomach or other organs in the belly (abdomen), for example, can cause chest pain. Potentially life-threatening causes of chest pain are as follows: Causes of Chest Pain 1. Heart attack (acute myocardial infarction): A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the arteries that supply the heart (coronary arteries) becomes blocked. With decreased blood flow, the muscle of the heart does not receive enough oxygen. This can cause damage, deterioration, and death of the heart muscle. . Angina: Angina is chest pain related to an imbalance between the oxygen demand of the heart and the amount of oxygen delivered via the blood. It is caused by blockage or narrowing of the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. Angina is different from a heart attac k in that the arteries are not completely blocked, and it causes little or no permanent damage to the heart. â€Å"Stable† angina occurs repetitively and predictably while exercising and goes away with rest. â€Å"Unstable† angina results in unusual and unpredictable pain not relieved totally by rest, or pain that actually occurs at rest. . Aortic dissection: The aorta is the main artery that supplies blood to the vital organs of the body, such as the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and intestines. Dissection means a tear in the inner lining of the aorta. This can cause massive internal bleeding and interrupt blood flow to the vital organs. 4. Pulmonary embolism: A pulmonary embolus is a blood clot in one of the major blood vessels that supplies the lungs. It is a potentially life-threatening cause of chest pain but is not associated with the heart. 5. Spontaneous pneumothorax: Often called a collapsed lung, this condition occurs when air enters the saclike space between the chest wall and the lung tissue. Normally, negative pressure in the chest cavity allows the lungs to expand. When a spontaneous pneumothorax occurs, air enters the chest cavity. When the pressure balance is lost, the lung is unable to re-expand. This cuts off the normal oxygen supply in the body. 6. Perforated viscus: A perforated viscus is a hole or tear in the wall of any area of the gastrointestinal tract. This allows air to enter the abdominal cavity, which irritates the diaphragm, and can cause chest pain. . Cocaine-induced chest pain: Cocaine causes the blood vessels in the body to constrict. This can decrease blood flow to the heart, causing chest pain. Cocaine also accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis, a risk factor for a heart attack. Causes of chest pain that are not immediately life-threatening include the following: 8. Acute pericarditis: T his is an inflammation of the pericardium, which is the sac that covers the heart. 9. Mitral valve prolapse: Mitral valve prolapse is an abnormality of one of the heart valves in which the â€Å"leaves† of the valve bulge into the upper heart chamber during contraction. When this occurs, a small amount of blood flows backward in the heart. This is believed by some to be a cause of chest pain in certain people, although this has not been proven with certainty. 10. Pneumonia: Pneumonia is an infection of the lung tissue. Chest pain occurs because of inflammation to the lining of the lungs. 11. Disorders of the esophagus: Chest pain from esophageal disorders can be an alarming symptom because it often mimics chest pain from a heart attack. (a)Acid reflux disease (gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD, heartburn) occurs when acidic digestive juices flow backward from the stomach into the esophagus. The resulting heartburn is sometimes experienced as chest pain. (b)Esophagitis is an inflammation of the esophagus. (c)Esophageal spasm is defined as excessive, intensified, or uncoordinated contractions of the smooth muscle of the esophagus. 12. Costochondritis: This is an inflammation of the cartilage between the ribs. Pain is typically located in the mid-chest, with intermittently dull and sharp pain that may be increased with deep breaths, movement, and deep touch. 13. Herpes zoster: Also known as shingles, this is a reactivation of the viral infection that causes chickenpox. With shingles, a rash occurs, usually only on one small part of the body. The pain, often very severe, is usually confined to the area of the rash. The pain may precede the rash by 4-7 days. Risk factors include any condition in which the immune system is compromised, such as advanced age, HIV, or cancer. Herpes zoster is highly contagious to people who have not had chickenpox or have not been vaccinated against chickenpox for the five days before and the five days after the appearance of the rash. HEART ATTACK A heart attack is caused by coronary heart disease, or coronary artery disease. Heart disease may be caused by cholesterol build-up in the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis), blood clots, or spasm of the vessels that supply blood to the heart. Risk factors for a heart attack are:- (a) High blood pressure (b) Diabetes (c) Smoking (d) High cholesterol (e) Family history of heart attacks at ages younger than 60 years, one or more previous heart attacks, male gender (f) Obesity (g) Postmenopausal women are at higher risk than premenopausal women. This is thought to be due to loss of the protective effects of the hormone estrogen at menopause. It was previously treated by hormone supplements (hormone replacement therapy, or HRT). However, research findings have changed our thinking on HRT; long-term HRT is no longer recommended for most women. You read "Chest Pain" in category "Papers" (h) Use of cocaine and similar stimulants. Angina Causes 1. Angina may be caused by spasm, narrowing, or partial blockage of an artery that supplies blood to the heart. 2. The most common cause is coronary heart disease, in which a blood clot or buildup of fatty material inside the blood vessel (atherosclerosis) reduces blood flow but does not completely block the blood vessel. 3. Angina can be triggered by exercise or physical exertion, by emotional stress, or by certain heart rhythm disorders (arrhythmias) that cause the heart to beat very fast. Aortic Dissection Causes Aortic dissection may be caused by conditions that damage the innermost lining of the aorta. (a)These include uncontrolled high blood pressure, connective-tissue diseases, cocaine use, advanced age, pregnancy, congenital heart disease, and cardiac catheterization (a medical procedure). (b) Men are at higher risk than women. (c) A similar condition is aortic aneurysm. This is an enlargement of the aorta that can rupture, causing pain and bleeding. Aneurysms can occur in the aorta in the chest or the abdomen. Pulmonary Embolism Causes Pulmonary embolism risk factors include: (a)Sedentary lifestyle, (b)Obesity, (c)Prolonged immobility, (d) Fracture of a long bone of the legs, (e) Pregnancy, (f)Cancer, (g) History or family history of blood clots, (j)Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmias), (k) Heart attack, (l)Congestive heart failure. Spontaneous Pneumothorax Causes 1. Spontaneous pneumothorax (collapsed lung) occurs when the pressure balance between the sac that contains the lung and the outside atmosphere is disrupted. 2. Injury to the chest that pierces through to the lung sac is the most common cause of this condition. This can be caused by trauma, as in a car wreck, bad fall, gunshot wound or stabbing, or in surgery. 3. Some very thin and tall people may suffer a spontaneous pneumothorax due to stretched lung tissues and abnormal air sacs in the upper portions of their lungs. It is possible for these abnormal air sacs to rupture with even a sneeze or excessive coughing. 4. Other risk factors for pneumothorax include AIDS-related pneumonia, emphysema, severe asthma, cystic fibrosis, cancer, and marijuana and crack cocaine use Perforated Viscus Causes Perforated viscus may be caused by direct or indirect injury. Irritation to the diaphragm in this case comes from below the chest. The diaphragm is the muscle that allows us to breathe. It is located up under the ribs and separates the chest and abdominal cavity. Any irritation to the diaphragm, even from below it, can cause pain to be felt in the chest. Risk factors not related to trauma are: (a)Untreated ulcers, * (b)Prolonged or forceful vomiting, * (c)Swallowing a foreign body, * (d)Cancer, * (e)Appendicitis, * (f)Long-term steroid use, (g)Infection of the gallbladder, * (h)Gallstones, and * (j)AIDS. * * * Pericarditis Causes Pericarditis can be caused by viral infection, bacterial infection, cancer, connective-tissue diseases, certain medications, radiation treatment, and chronic renal failure. (a) One life-threatening complication of pericarditis is cardiac tamponade. Cardiac tamponade is an accumulation of fluid around the heart. This prevents the hear t from effectively pumping blood to the body. Symptoms of cardiac tamponade include sudden onset of shortness of breath, fainting, and chest pain. Pneumonia Causes Pneumonia may be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections of the lungs. Esophagus Related Causes Chest pain originating from the esophagus may have several causes. Acid reflux (GERD) may be caused by any factors that decrease the pressure on the lower part of the esophagus, decreased movement of the esophagus, or prolonged emptying of the stomach. This condition may be brought on by: (a)Consumption of high-fat foods, (b)Nicotine use, (c)Alcohol use, (d)Caffeine, pregnancy, (d) Certain medications (for example, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, anticholinergics, estrogen, progesterone), (f)diabetes, g)scleroderma. (h) Esophagitis may be caused by yeast, fungi, viruses, bacteria, or irritation from medications. (j) Esophageal spasm is caused by excessive, intensified, or uncoordinated contractions of the smooth muscle of the esophagus. Spasm may be triggered by emotional upset or swallowing very hot or cold liquids. Heart Attack Symptoms Typical heart attack pain occurs in th e mid to left side of the chest and may also extend to the left shoulder, the left arm, the jaw, the stomach, or the back. Other associated symptoms are shortness of breath, increased sweating, nausea, and vomiting. Women may experience symptoms of heart attack similar to men (chest pain), but they also may be more atypical. Atypical symptoms include: (a) Neck pain (b) Jaw pain (c) Shoulder pain (d) Upper back (e) Abdominal discomfort, (f) Shortness of breath, (g) Nausea or vomiting, (h) Abdominal pain, (j)Heartburn, (k) Sweatiness, (l) Light-headedness, (m) Dizziness, or (n) Unexplained fatigue. * Angina Symptoms Angina is similar to heart attack pain but occurs with physical exertion or exercise and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin. Angina becomes life threatening when pain occurs at rest, has increased in frequency or intensity, or is not relieved with at least three nitroglycerin tablets taken five minutes apart. This is considered to be unstable angina, which may be a warning sign of an impending heart attack. Aortic Dissection Symptoms The chest pain associated with aortic dissection occurs suddenly and is described as â€Å"ripping† or â€Å"tearing. † The pain may radiate to the back or between the shoulder blades. Because the aorta supplies blood to the entire body, symptoms may also include: (a)Angina-type pain, (b)Shortness of breath, (c)Fainting, d)Abdominal pain, or (e)Symptoms of stroke. Pulmonary Embolism Symptoms Symptoms of a pulmonary embolus include: The sudden onset of shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and sharp pain in the mid chest, which increases with deep breaths. Symptoms of pneumothorax include: The sudden onset of shortness of breath,sharp chest pain, rapid heart rate, dizziness, lightheadedness, or faintness. Perforated Viscus Symptoms Perforated viscus comes on suddenly with severe abdominal, chest, and/or back pain. Abdominal pain may increase with movement or when breathing in and may be accompanied by a rigid, boardlike abdominal wall. Pericarditis Symptoms The pain of pericarditis is typically described as a sharp or stabbing pain in the mid-chest, worsened by deep breaths. pain may mimic the pain of a heart attack, because it may radiate to the left side of the back or shoulder. One distinguishing factor is that the pain is worsened by lying flat and improved by leaning forward. When lying flat, the inflamed pericardium is in direct contact with the heart and causes pain. When leaning forward, there is a space between the pericardium and the heart. people report a recent cold, fever, shortness of breath, or pain when swallowing just before developing pericarditis. Mitral Valve Prolapse Symptoms Mitral valve prolapse usually has no symptoms, but some people experience palpitations (sensation of rapid or strong heartbeat) and chest pain. Chest pain associated with mitral valve prolapse differs from that of typical angina in that it is sharp, does not radiate, and is not related to physical exertion. Other symptoms include fatigue, light-headedness, and shortness of breath. Complications include infection of the heart valves, mitral valve regurgitation (an abnormal blood flow within the chambers of the heart), and abnormal heart rhythms, which rarely cause sudden death. Pneumonia Symptoms The chest pain of pneumonia occurs during prolonged or forceful coughing. The pain is usually one-sided an is worsened by coughing. Other associated symptoms include fever, coughing up mucus (sputum), and shortness of breath. Esophagus Related Symptoms With chest pain originating from the esophagus, symptoms depend on the source. * (a)Symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) include: (b)Heartburn, (c)Painful swallowing, (d)Excessive salivation, (e)Dull chest discomfort, (f)Chest pressure, or (g)Severe squeezing pain across the mid chest. h)You may feel uncomfortable or may experience: (j)Profuse sweating, (k)Pallor, (l)Nausea, and (m)Vomiting. Symptoms of esophagitis include difficulty swallowing, painful swallowing, or symptoms of GERD. The chest pain comes on suddenly and is not relieved by antacids. The pain of esophageal spasm is usually intermittent and dull. It is located in the mid-chest and may radiate to the back, neck, or shoulders. DIAGNOSIS He art Attack In the hospital emergency department, the healthcare providers use three basic procedures to decide if a patient is having a heart attack. (a) The first is the symptoms reported by the patient. * (b) The second is an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), an electrical tracing of the heart’s activity. On the ECG, it may be possible to tell which vessels in the heart are blocked or narrowed. * (c) The third is measurement of enzymes produced by the heart muscle cells when they do not receive enough oxygen. These enzymes are detectable with blood tests and are called cardiac enzymes. Angina Angina is diagnosed by the same methods doctors use to diagnose heart attacks. In angina, the test results reveal no permanent damage to the heart. The diagnosis is made only after the possibility of a heart attack has been ruled out, usually by negative results on three sets of cardiac enzyme tests. the ECG may show abnormalities, these changes are often reversible. * Another way to diagnose angina is the stress test: these tests monitor your ECG during exercise or other stress to identify blockages in blood vessels to the heart. * Cardiac catheterization is used to identify blockages. This is a special type of x-ray (angiography or arteriography) that uses a harmless dye to highlight blockages or other abnormalities in blood vessels. Aortic Dissection The diagnosis of aortic dissection is based on the symptoms the patient describes, chest x-ray, and other special imaging tests. On a chest x-ray, the aorta will have an abnormal contour or appear widened. * Transesophageal echocardiography is a specialized ultrasound of the heart in which a probe is inserted into the esophagus. The technique is performed under sedation or general anaesthesia. The dissection may be identified very accurately by a CT scan of the chest or angiography. * * Pulmonary Embolism * * The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is made from a variety of sources. Description of the patient’s symptoms and results of ECG and chest x-ray all may contribute to the diagnosis, but are not definitive. patient will be asked if they have had any symptoms of a blood clot in the leg. The healthcare provider may draw blood drawn from the patient’s artery to check the levels of oxygen and other gases. Abnormalities in blood gases indicate a problem in the lungs that is preventing the patient from getting enough oxygen. A ventilation-perfusion scan (V/Q scan) compares blood flow to oxygen intake in different segments of the lung. An irregularity in just one segment can indicate an embolism. CT scan of the lungs is another way to determine if a patient has a pulmonary embolus. It may be done instead of the V/Q scan. Spontaneous Pneumothorax Spontaneous pneumothorax is diagnosed by physical exam and chest x-ray. A CT scan may be helpful in locating a small pneumothorax. Perforated viscus usually can be identified by a chest x-ray with the patient standing upright or an abdominal x-ray lying on the left side. -rays in these positions allow air to rise to the diaphragm, where it can be detected. The symptoms and the results of the physical exam and other lab tests also assist in diagnosis. * Pericarditis * * Acute pericarditis is usually diagnosed by the patient’s symptoms, serial ECGs, and echocardiography. Certain lab tests may be helpful in determining the cause. * * Pneumonia Pneumonia is diagnosed by the patient’s symptoms and medical history, physical examination, and chest x-ray. Esophagus Disorders of the esophagus causing chest pain are diagnosed by a process of elimination. The diagnosis is made on the basis of the patient’s symptoms and medical history, after ruling out cardiac causes and observing whether the patient experiences pain relief from antacids. Chest Pain Treatment Self-Care at Home Heart Attack If you suspect that you or someone you are with may be having a heart attack, call for emergency services or go to the nearest hospital emergency department. * While waiting for the ambulance, have the patient chew two baby aspirin or at least half of a regular aspirin – at least 160 mg. There is no evidence that taking more than this helps more, and the patient could have unwanted side effects if they take too much. * It is important to chew the aspirin before swallowing it because chewing decreases the time the medicine takes to have an effect. Chewing an aspirin in the early stages of a heart attack may reduce the risk of death and it may also reduce the severity of the attack. Angina If the patient has had angina and has nitroglycerin tablets available, have the patient place one under the tongue. This may aid in increasing blood flow to blocked or narrowed arteries. If the chest pain continues in the next five minutes, take another tablet under the tongue. If, after three nitroglycerin tablets, the patient does not have relief of the chest pain, go to the nearest emergency department. Esophagus the pain is from acid reflux (GERD), it may be relieved with antacids. Even if the patient’s pain goes away after taking an antacid, do not assume they are not having a heart attack. The patient should still be evaluated in a hospital emergency department. Medical Treatment Heart Attack Treatment 1. Treatment for a heart attack is aimed at increasing blood flow by opening arteries blocked or narrowed by a blood clot. * 2. Medicines used to achieve this include aspirin, heparin, and clot-busting (thrombolytic) drugs. * 3. Other medications can be used to slow the heart rate, which decreases the workload of the heart and reduces pain. * 4. Angioplasty is a way of unblocking an artery. Angiography is done first to locate narrowing or blockages. A very thin plastic tube called a catheter is inserted into the artery. A tiny balloon on the end of the catheter is inflated. This expands the artery, providing a wider passage for blood. The balloon is then deflated and removed. Sometimes a small metal scaffold called a stent is placed in the artery to keep it expanded. * 5. Surgery may be required if medical treatment is unsuccessful. This could include angioplasty or cardiac bypass. * * Angina Treatment * * Treatment of angina is directed at relieving chest pain that occurs as the result of reduced blood flow to the heart. The medication nitroglycerin is the most widely used treatment. Nitroglycerin dilates (widens) the coronary arteries. It is often taken under the tongue (sublingually). People with known angina may be treated with nitroglycerin for three doses, five minutes apart. the pain remains, nitroglycerin is given by IV, and the patient is admitted to the hospital and monitored to rule out a heart attack. Long-term treatment after the first episode of angina focuses on reducing risk factors for atherosclerosis and heart disease. Aortic Dissection Treatment 1. Suspected aortic dissection often is treated with medications that reduce blood pressure. 2. Medications that slow the heart rate and dilate the arteries are the most widely used. * 3. Close monitoring is required to avoid lowering the blood pressure too much, which can be dangerous. * 4. Surgical repair is required for any dissection that involves the ascending (upward) portion of the aorta. * * Pulmonary Embolism Treatment * * 1. Anyone with a presumed or documented pulmonary embolism requires admission to the hospital. * * 2. Treatment usually includes supplemental oxygen and medication to prevent further clotting of blood, typically heparin. * * 3. If the embolism is very large, clot-busting medications are given in some situations to dissolve the clot. * * 4. Some people undergo surgery to place an umbrella-like filter in a blood vessel to prevent blood clots from the lower extremities from moving to the lungs. * * Pneumothorax Treatment 1. A pneumothorax without symptoms involves six hours of hospital observation and repeat chest x-rays. * 2. If the size of the pneumothorax remains unchanged, the patient is usually discharged with a follow-up appointment in 24 hours. * 3. If the patient develop symptoms or the pneumothorax enlarges, they will be admitted to the hospital. The patient will undergo catheter aspiration or have a chest tube inserted to restore negative pressure in the lung sac. Perforated Viscus Treatment Any disruption or perforation of the intestinal tract (viscus) is a potentially life-threatening emergency. Immediate surgery may be required. Pericarditis Treatment Viral pericarditis usually improves with 7-21 days of therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as aspirin andibuprofen (for example, Motrin). Pneumonia Treatment Pneumonia is treated with antibiotics, and pain medication is given for chest wall tenderness. Costochondritis Treatment Costochondritis is usually treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication such as ibuprofen. Esophageal Conditions Treatment The three major esophageal disorders that cause chest pain; 1) acid reflux (GERD), 2) esophagitis, and 3) esophageal spasm, are treated with antacid therapy; antibiotic, antiviral, or antifungal medication; medication to relax the muscles of the esophagus; or some combination of these. Follow-up No matter what the cause of chest pain, regular follow-up visits with your healthcare provider are important. This will help you remain as healthy as possible and prevent worsening of your condition. Prevention Heart Attack Prevention Prevention of heart attack and angina involves living what the American Heart Association calls a â€Å"heart healthy† lifestyle. Reducing your risk factors has a significant effect on reducing your risk. * (a) Don’t smoke. * (b) Maintain a healthy weight. * (c) Eat nutritious, low-fat foods in moderate quantities. * (d) If you drink alcohol, use alcohol moderately. * (e) Engage in physical activity or exercise for at least 30 minutes every day. (f) Control high blood pressure and high cholesterol. * (g) If you have diabetes, control your blood sugar every day. Aortic Dissection Prevention Aortic dissection may be prevented by controlling high blood pressure and getting proper screening if the patient has a familial disposition to this disorder. Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (a) Prevention of pulmonary embolism includes living a heart healthy life style. (b) No one should smoke, but women older than 35 years who use birth control pills are at especially high risk from smoking. c) When traveling on extended trips that require sitting for long periods of time (plane, car, train, etc. ) or other times of leg immobilization, get up and allow time for stretching and movement of the legs. Isometric contractions of the calves are helpful if getting out of the seat is not possible. * (d) If the patient has leg swelling, particularly if one is disproportionate to the other, see the doctor or healthcare provider. (e) You should always receive preventive anticoagulant medication after surgery, especially after orthopedic surgery. Spontaneous Pneumothorax Prevention Smoking cessation decreases the risk of spontaneous pneumothorax. Perforated Viscus Prevention Treating peptic ulcers appropriately and avoiding swallowing foreign bodies reduces the risk of perforated viscus. Pericarditis Prevention Because many cases of acute pericarditis are caused by viruses, effective handwashing may reduce transmission of infectious viral agents. Pneumonia Prevention Effective handwashing and good hygiene will help reduce the transmission of infectious viruses and bacteria that can cause pneumonia. Esophagus Disease Prevention (a) Acid reflux (GERD) can be prevented to a certain extent in most people. * (b) Avoid foods and other substances that bring on or worsen symptoms, especially fatty foods * (c) Stop smoking * (d) Use alcohol in moderation, if at all * (e) Avoid eating large meals * (f) Avoid eating for three hours before bedtime * (g) Avoid lying down right after eating * (h) Elevate the head of your bed Outlook Early medical intervention improves survival in potentially life-threatening illnesses involving chest pain. Heart attack and unstable angina: Heart disease, which includes heart attacks and angina, is the leading cause of death for American adults . Whether you survive a heart attack depends on the time it takes to get medical treatment, the region and extent of injury within the heart, and the presence of any other risk factors. Aortic dissection: This condition is life-threatening. Quick action in getting medical treatment is essential with aortic dissection. When left untreated, about 33% of patients die within the first 24 hours, and 50% die within 48 hours. The two week mortality rate approaches 75% in patients with undiagnosed ascending aortic dissection. Pulmonary embolism: Even with early treatment, 1 in 10 people with pulmonary embolism die within the first hour. It is treatable if it is not rapidly severe and caught early. Patients are often maintained on blood thinners as treatment. Pneumothorax: Most people with this condition recover fully as long as it is not associated with other life-threatening injuries (like in an auto accident). It occurs mostly tall, thin, young people without lung disease. Patients who have had one spontaneous pneumothorax have about a 50% chance of recurrence. Other illnesses causing pneumothorax and complications from the chest tube placement may prolong or worsen the condition. Perforated viscus: With early detection and intervention, the prognosis for perforated viscus is good in relatively healthy people. If you are in poor health prior to the perforation you will have a worse outcome. Acute pericarditis: Although the course may vary with each person, the outcome is good if the disorder is treated promptly. Most people recover in two weeks to three months. Pneumonia: In young, healthy adults, the prognosis for pneumonia is good with appropriate treatment. Prognosis is generally poorer in the elderly and in people with weakened immune systems such as those with HIV/AIDS. Chest pain originating from the esophagus: Reflux disease (GERD) affects about one-fourth of the adult population and has a very low death rate. Esophagitis may lead to ulcerations, scarring, or narrowing of the esophagus. With the exception of possible perforation, which has a high death rate, the overall prognosis is good. Esophageal spasm has a good outcome. How to cite Chest Pain, Papers

The Concept of Strategic HRM

Question: Describe about The Concept of Strategic HRM? Answer: Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) is a management of the man power in the company, in which the company wants to attain the competitive advantage through their people. Strategic HRM clearly talks about integrating the role of HRM and the strategies of the company. The question here arises that why should the top management take the peoples considerations while making its corporate strategies. The answer to this is because intellectual capital is considered as a major source of competitive advantage and also when it comes to the implementation of strategic plan it is the people who implement it. It involves taking steps in people management through which company wishes to attain their long term goals. The strategy is aligned towards the aim that company wants to have people with high level of specialized and generic skill sets, people are motivated and committed towards attaining the long term goals of the company. It deals with broad issues like effectiveness of organization and performance matching of the resources and their requirements etc. On a more basic level it deals with major issues of people that affect the strategic plan of the organization and also what is the effect of strategic plan on these issues. The investments that are made for the development of people is not viewed as the unfortunate cost but it is rather viewed as an asset. (Salaman, Storey, and Billsberry, 2005). There are 3 basic proposition on the basis of which SHRM is based on: (Armstrong, 2005) A belief that Human Resource plays a very critical role in helping the organizations to attain their long term goals Aligning the skill sets of the resources towards the firm strategies Maintaining Mutual support among the peers Now, since the company is moving towards the future growth prospects and we will need to develop our system to attain our future goals. In that light, we need to focus on the HRD, as this will be biggest asset which will help us win the race. Firstly, the force is dynamic and can learn and re-learn things quickly. Secondly, it is that competitive advantage that is not easy to imitate. Hence, we have to invest today towards SHRM Importance of Human Resource Development in the Organization: Understand the market dynamics that are prevailing today. We also have best people in the industry to help us achieve the goals. But, as we know that these dynamics are temporary and in almost ZERO time, we have a new need to be satisfied in the market with new offerings. At that time the older skill sets are obsolete and we need new skill sets. At that time its the Human Resource Department that comes into picture and make them attain those Skill sets.(Stewart, 2008). HRD helps in making the HR competent. Its function is to develop the skill and knowledge of people for which it provides competent HR according to the job requirements. HRD is a major tool in development of Human skill and Knowledge as it helps in career development. It helps in creating employees who have commitment towards their jobs. People work in an organization for gaining the correct reward for their work and that is something, which keeps them motivated, committed and encouraging in giving their 100% in the work assigned to them. The entire reward management and compensation management is done by the HR dept. as a part of Human Resource development to keep them motivated to attain the best results. (Therith, 2009) Every job requires some skill sets. So, special skill set people is needed and that is achieved through recruitment and that is one of the prime important role as a part of HRD. It is essential that people with right skill sets should be given the right task so that there is a job satisfaction among the people. No organization in this world can stay similar from start till the end. Change is an important part of the business and implementing this change is rather a very difficult task. HRD here works as a major facilitator of change management in an organization. Through improved practices of labor management relation it is major tool for solving the conflicts within an organization. Training and development are tools of HRD which help in the development of the employees by matching the needs with the organizational development. Employees better perform in an organization because of the skills and abilities that are developed by the help of HRD. Other miscellaneous importance may be: (Ruth Mayhew, 2015) Designing the correct compensation structure. Recruiting the correct people for the apt job Safety Structure for providing the safe working environment Compliance: This is again very critical, since as we will grow, we will have to follow certain federal laws and as a part of HRD, proper structure needs to be followed. We will have to develop work-ways manual. Which we will be following as a part of Code of Conduct, Policies and frameworks. All this will be taken care by the Human Resource Development Department. All the above stated points are the brief outline of the importance of HRD. Framework of Strategic Human Resource Development: For this report we have chosen the Aspirational Human Resource Development Framework. Which will capture the three sides of the business:(SUSAN E. JACKSON, 2014) External Environments Impact: External impacts like Markets, labors, Laws Regulation etc. Company Direct Environment: The internal environment of Objective, culture and Structure. The HRM System that provides the working policies and Environment and Internal Stake Holders i.e. what internal stakeholders have gained External Stake Holders: Investors, customers and Society, about what have they gained. This frame work will mean the most to us, due to the following reasons: We are now aiming to become a bigger organization, in that regard we will have a separate set of rules, market forces, regulations etc. governing us and we need a specialized set up to deal with all this. For the companys direct environment, we will have certain goals to be met and for achieving these goals we need people who will be helping us as a major force. The correct compensation structure, appropriate trainings and development activities, all the rules and policies etc. There has to be a proper HRM system that we have to develop. Since, thorough that system we will be imbibing the culture in the people for the goals to be achieved in the coming days. External Stake Holders: There are three major stake holders that we are accountable to, firstly our investors. We have to give them returns and that returns is achieved through bottom line and we have achieve high bottom line with correct people only and hence, we need a strong full-fledged department to take care of these issues. Similarly, we have to provide value to our customers and we can achieve it through high quality of our product, again the skill set of our people will be pioneer requirement and again further justifies the departments need. The Strategic Human resource Process, Roles in SHRM: (Singh, 2004) This is a 3 stage process: Formulation of Business Strategy and making it in line with HE Strategy Making the systems in HRM in line with the strategy Monitoring the effectiveness of the system implemented The first part of the process is the formulation of the business strategy which provides the base for as to why strategic HRM takes place. In this phase the organization recognizes the HR department as a strategic partner and is providing opportunities. The first stage requires the presence of the team composition that is helpful in the formulation of business strategy. The next step in the process is the making it compatible with the lines of strategy. This means creating sync between the HRM systems and the strategy that is being implemented. The third step in the process is about checking the effectiveness of the strategy that is implemented. And also properly monitoring it. The last step of monitoring the effectiveness is the most important step because if this part of the process is not done properly it has the ability to ruin the entire strategic plan. In this case we would like to recommend the Two-Way Vertical fit system for the SHRM i.e. we wont just make HR to be a different vertical but will involve the HR is decision making frame work as well. There will be functional strategy that will be developed and this will fit into the HR Strategy to manage the work force. This would include activities like creating culture changes, Identification of the abilities of mergers and acquisitions and actively making changes in the business structure. There will be certain enablers and deterrents that will be present to define this strategy. This two way vertical fit would work as an interactive effort between business strategy and HR strategy so that each functions in a way to benefit each other. The business strategy in this way would be interactive to the HR strategy. Implementation of HR Strategy: We will be following the following steps for implementation of HR Strategies: (Martin, 2014) Redefining the Companys Vision: Companys vision must keep the role of HR and importance of People at high level. The example could be: To be a people oriented company with vision towards goals achievement, to be known as a company where people build their careers Such a vision statement will have impact on the mind of the people and they will consider that company cares for them. Redefining the scope and work-ways of HR department: Introducing the new work-ways for HR like market corrections, retention bonus etc. So that we do not lose the critical resources. Investigating the needs of the company: We must ensure that short, medium and long term goal must be set properly. Implementing the plan and it must be visible: The following issues must be deployed immediately: Service awards Retention bonus Hikes in the likes to do market correction etc. This summarized the importance, scope and implementation procedure of Strategic Human Resource Management. Activity 2: Since, we are now clear that there is a need for Strategic Human Resource Development system in place for the company. In the previous section we discussed the importance and the implementation framework of SHRM. Now, in front of Board of Directors we will be putting up certain issues that affects the implementation of SHRM and the main objective is to make them realize that these issues should not deter the benefits that may gained through the SHRM Identification and Analysis of Contemporary issues Affecting SHRM: Organizational Context: Willingness of all the departments to include HR has a different vertical, to be involved in decision making. Investment on people is not seen as a real investment: This is the major issue that deters the mind of the managers in investing in people. Cost that is put in directly accountable is very much visible and the benefits that are gained are not easily visible. (Kate Walsh, 2010) Cultural barriers to imbibe changes quickly: Now as and when we will be bringing in new people in the company, there will be a visible cultural gap that will be evident, since people from diverse background will be joining us. This is a big issue that will affect SHRM. In order to tackle this, we need proper culture to prevail in the company and also regular training on how to deal with cultural barriers. If the people are ready to respect and discount this fact, then they will be able to absorb the changes pretty easily. The changes will be majorly in line of bringing in closeness and oneness in the system. (Mayhew, 2011) Technology Advancements in the company: Now when the company will take the leaps forward, there will be new technologies that will be added in the system. Definitely the old employees will not be comfortable working with them. (Mayhew, 2011) Communication Barriers: The thing that always bring people closer to the corporate is the transparency in the communication structure of the company. If we are doing what we are saying and keeping our communication seamless and transparent. Then it will be a big boon in bringing the employees and the corporate together.(StrategicHumanResourcesIssues, 2008) Implementation Context: The older systems that in place are part of the culture and hence, it may be problematic to imbibe changes immediately. Other departmental interventions will be there, since currently each department is being run by their own wish. Now a centralized system will be implemented. There should be a merger of all the sub HR systems prevailing in the system and hence it may lead to adaptation issues. Activity 3: Identification of the range of HR Strategies: There are various ways through which we may approach the Implementation of Strategic Human Resource Management. In this section we will discuss strategies that will make most sense to us as a small scale business. The following are the strategies identified: (Raghunath, 2015) Overall HR Strategies: Overall umbrella about how people and resources would be managed Management through Performance: Arranging the following trainings for skill enhancements: How to adapt changes in work place How to develop skill sets, so that new opportunities open for you New Compensation structure and the advantages of performance Management through Involvement: Define KPIs for managers that they are accountable for productivity Each manager will KPI related to attrition in the department. KPI related to quality at each level in the work force Management through Commitment: New KPIs will be introduced as a part of motivation for work force. Long service award to be implemented as a part of culture Retention bonus as per the level e.g. Middle management may be given higher retention bonus compared to lower management Specific Strategies: Targeting a particular sub system and improving it for betterment.(Moore, 200X) Leadership Strategy: The major decision making is in the hands of the leaders and this strategy is to be adopted because the building blocks of this strategy would be Executives only. Hence involvement of Leadership in SHRM is mandatory. It is very important here to carve a difference here between the leadership and managerial way. The strategy that are being followed should be well tested and understood by the leaders so that other can follow them and work with their full commitment to achieve it. Talent Strategy: Each person as we all know is not efficient to do all the tasks. A person may be good in some activity while the other may have a good hand in some other activity .We need to find the exact match between the skills set and job requirement. A mismatch in this process can cause repercussions as high as job dissatisfaction, and a stage of people leaving the organization and joining others. The saving of the best talent in your organization is an emerging issue which needs to be taken care of. A single talented person can do wonders for your organization only if the people with right skill set are provided with right job. This is to be the specialize strategy since peoples involvement will increase if people get to work on their core competency. It is essential to devlop the core competency of any person in an organization because it can create niche for your business. Reward and Compensation Strategy: According to a common saying Happy Workers are more productive workers. It is essential that the employees should be made happy in the best possible manner. Rewards and compensation is a sort of motivation for the employee as they in a way encourage an employee that he is doing things in the right direction in the right manner. Rewards and compensation are also a way to acclaim the efforts that the employees make in taking the organization to a completely different level. This is again a specific strategy, since if proper reward system is not there then attrition will increase and hence, this is an immediate priority. These strategies make the most sense for our business currently, since they define the structure from the scratch and we need a roadmap right now that we can follow and then built on from there towards a SHRM. Analysis of the decided Strategies: In this section, we will be analyzing each strategy w.r.t. our company, discussing the critical importance and launch pad for beginning the strategy: Analysis of Overall Strategy: We need to hit the nail through three directions i.e. Involvement, Performance and Commitment. The major focus of SHRM is that we have to build the competency with our people. The involvement of people is possible if we clearly define the roles of the people. People should be involved in each and every step of the strategy because ultimately it is them who would follow it and help the organization in achieving its goals. Critical importance of this overall strategy is that we need to bring this harmony in the thinking cord of the people. People should understand that in line with the vision of the company and for that purpose we need to develop this overall impact strategy. If there is a belief in peoples minds that the company is actually thinking in the line of making People as their competitive advantage then only other strategies would work in line. Strategic HRM as we all know works best when there is a mutual benefit both for the people and the company. As a beginning Launchpad, we must ensure that some clear communication goes from the leadership side regarding these changes. This will make the things clear on the first level. Then the formal invitation for people to give their skill set preference and on the basis of that TD programs may be developed. This will give the best trigger to start with. Analysis of Specific Strategy: Since may a time overall strategy is just considered as just another loose talk by the corporate. So, we need to implement specific strategies and target to the areas here that will improvise the skill sets, make them competent in doing their work in the most efficient manner and intruding them to take the ownership of the work they are doing. Only by these implementations we will be able to make them upbeat and achievers. Implementation of Leadership Strategy can be started by mapping the resources to leaders and they will act as their mentor. This will have a dual impact, firstly, people will feel elevated by the fact that they are working with the leaders and they will impact the businesses directly. This will increase the Job Satisfaction. Hence, making them the core competency. Talent Reward Strategy is necessary because at the end everyone wants to work for some rewards and skill sets. This is the methodology through which we will be able to intrude them for giving their 100% in their work and making them take the ownership. Reward system should be based on KPI Model and each KPI must be such that it is hitting the bottom line of the company. Assessment of the Strategies is for the proper working of the implementations done. We need to map KRA (Key result Areas) to each strategy and on the basis of that we will notice if the KRA is being hit or not. The few KRAs could be: How is the productivity increasing by implementing the TD initiatives Is training delivered is being used in the system. Dip in the attrition rate of the company Increase in the Bottom line Job Satisfaction and Reward management implementation. Are we able to find the deserving resources? How has the restructured Recruitment initiatives brought better skill set people for the designed job? With this we will conclude the assessment of the strategy and believe that if this structure is followed, it will increase the impact of HR and make the work place a better place to work, where people may think to build their career. We must remember that, we have to create the competitive advantage through our people. Bibliography Armstrong, 2005. The concept of strategic HRM. In: The conceptual framework of strategic HRM. l.:s.n., pp. 33-50. Graeme Salaman, J. S. a. J. B., 2005. Strategic Human Resource Management: Defining the Field. [Online] Available at: https://www.corwin.com/upm-data/9919_040313Intro.pdf [Accessed 8 June 2015]. Kate Walsh, M. C. S. . J. L., 2010. Key Issues in Strategic Human Resources, l.: Cornell University School of Hotel Administration: The Scholarly Commons. Martin, 2014. How to Design and Implement an HR Strategy. [Online] Available at: https://www.entrepreneurial-insights.com/design-implement-hr-strategy/ [Accessed 2015]. Mayhew, R., 2011. Contemporary Issues Faced by Human Resource Managers Today. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/contemporary-issues-faced-human-resource-managers-today-1875.html [Accessed 2015]. Moore, M., 200X. What Are HRM Strategies?. 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T., 2009. The importance of HRM, l.: BIT, DPA.